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[MUSIC] >> Hi.

I'm Brendan.

Today, we're going to talk about Monitoring and Alerting in Kubernetes.

So Kubernetes itself actually comes with a large number of metrics available to you out-of-the-box, and that's great because it means you don't have to set up monitoring for your ports, for CPU, or memory, or network usage, or disk, all of these things are automatically taken from the containers that are running on the machines pushed into the Kubernetes metrics server.

From there, they can get pushed out to Cloud-based monitoring like Azure Monitor, or to an open-source monitoring solution like Prometheus.

So just by deploying your container into Kubernetes, you get access to a bunch of monitoring information that can be pretty useful for debugging what's going on.

But really for most applications, it's important to take it a step further.

Now, one way you can take it a step further is by adding a service mesh.

If you add a service mesh, well, then you're going to get things like HTTP latency, you're going to get an error codes.

Again, these can be pushed into Cloud-based monitoring solution or into Prometheus.

But really, in order to actually build good monitoring for your application, you're probably also going to need to add some things in code itself.

Now in this world, Prometheus is a great solution.

Prometheus is actually becoming the standard way of exposing metrics to the world.

It's easy to integrate Prometheus metrics obviously with Prometheus itself, but also with Cloud-based solutions like Azure Monitoring.

Now when you're using Prometheus, usually what you're going to do is, you're going to import the Prometheus libraries and then you're going to create a new metric that says, "How long did I spend processing a particular batch job?" So I'll say, new metric batch.

When you do this, that's going to expose a web interface so that Prometheus can come along and scrape that web interface, get the data that's custom to your solution, push it up into the monitoring solution of your choice.

So that's great, and that enables you to expose whatever arbitrary metrics make sense for your application.

Once you've done that, you hopefully have all of the metrics that you need in order to do good alerting.

There is actually a really big difference between the information you push out in terms of monitoring and the information that you push out in terms of alerting.

Because, of course, monitoring information is information that you take effectively on-demand.

So the only thing you really need to worry about with monitoring information is, do I have enough space? With a Cloud-based solution, that's not even really a problem.

Whereas with alerting, if you fire an alert, that wake somebody up, that sends a page, that sends an e-mail, and so you can't have too much alerting or else it just generates noise.

If you generate noise, then it's very difficult for your on-calls, your DRIs to know what they should pay attention to.

So the most important thing to think about when you're thinking about alerting is, we want to eliminate noise.

We can't have noise.

Every single alert that fires that you don't take an action on, that's a problem and it's a problem that should be fixed.

So in particular, when we're thinking about alerting in Kubernetes, you want to be alerting on what you care about which is, what's your customer experience? How is your customer experiencing your product? Usually, that's something like latency, and you're going to set some goal.

You're going to set an SLO or a service-level objective that says, "Hey, I think that at the 99th percentile, my latency should be less than 500 milliseconds." Now if you haven't seen notation like the 99th percentile before, that's talking about a distribution.

So if you have a distribution of latencies that your service provides for all of the requests at the 99th, that's going to be the value that you're going to be thinking about.

The reason that's important is because while measuring the average or the 50th percentile in the middle, is interesting, it can actually mask a lot of really bad problems.

Because if you're okay at the average but you're really slow one out of every 100 times, you're still providing one customer with a really bad customer experience, and over time, effectively the law of numbers says that every customer is going to have that bad experience.

So we focus both on the average, but more importantly, on the 99th percentile in order to really understand how our service is performing at scale.

So when you're identifying those alerts, think about the experience you want to deliver to your customer and then set alerts based on that experience.

So if the 99th percentile latency coming out of your service mesh ever exceeds 500 milliseconds, that's a good opportunity to fire a page off to, that's my best drawing of a cell phone going off, your DRIs cell phone so that they can then go into the monitoring system and figure out what's wrong.

That leads to the final part of monitoring and alerting in Kubernetes, which is visualization.

You need to take all of those metrics and put it into a great visualization tool and Grafana, for example, is a really fantastic visualization tool, that again, you can use with Prometheus, you can use with Azure monitoring.

That enables you to put all of those metrics together into whatever form of monitoring makes the most sense, maybe it's a dial or a graph, and that allows you to actually understand your data.

So it's not sufficient just to monitor the data, just to alert, is actually very important that you think about how do I put all those things together so that my on-calls can gain insights, and then eventually, put them together into tools.

So you're going to write command line tools that actually can automatically fix the problem for you, identify common causes, take action, and eventually build robotics, build agents that can call these tools for you and you never have to actually wake up a human in order to fix your application.

So that gives you a perspective about how you can start with the default metrics, add your own custom metrics, add alerting based on customer experience, add visualization and tools for mitigation to really deliver a reliable application on Kubernetes.